In the world of decentralized finance (DeFi) and cryptocurrency trading, smart contracts serve as the backbone for many crypto exchanges and protocols. However, these automated scripts – which are designed to self-execute under specific conditions – have also become prime targets for hackers, as we saw in the case of WazirX exchange hack that resulted in loss of Rs 2000 crore worth of cryptocurrencies.
By exploiting vulnerabilities in these smart contracts, hackers can infiltrate exchanges and compromising user security. While most people consider that smart contracts are highly secure and reliable, they also have risks of being malicious in some cases. This blog explores how these malicious smart contracts are used to exploit exchanges and highlights the critical lessons learned from these incidents. We will also look into the recent example of such an attack on the WazirX exchange. Let’s get into it;
What Are Malicious Smart Contracts?
Malicious smart contracts are specifically designed or manipulated by hackers to exploit vulnerabilities within blockchain platforms or crypto exchanges. These contracts appear to function like legitimate smart contracts, but they contain hidden code or flaws that can bypass security measures. Once these contracts are deployed, it can interact with any target platforms to steal funds, manipulate transactions or disrupt services.
In the crypto space, hackers leverage these contracts to execute sophisticated attacks by exploiting weaknesses in existing contract’s design. They often remain undetected until after significant damage has been done on the victim platforms.
How did it happen: The $230M WazirX Hacks
1. WazirX Hack: A Case of Vulnerable Code
WazirX – the largest cryptocurrency exchange of India at the time – was targeted through a smart contract vulnerability in July 2024. In this incident, hackers injected malicious code into exchange’s multisig dashboard – provided by crypto custodian Liminal – and gained access to one of their wallet. This resulted in a loss of over $230 million of users’ funds from the exchange.
Key Takeaway: The WazirX hack highlights the importance choosing a trusted crypto custodian and thorough auditing of wallet smart contracts. The exchange failed to properly secure the their multisig wallet contract against the exploit and allowed attackers to leverage a relatively simple flaw for significant gains.
How Hackers Exploit Crypto Platforms
Hackers exploit crypto platforms using various types of attacks that target weaknesses in smart contracts, exchange infrastructure, and DeFi protocols. Many of these attacks leverage appealing smart contract features – such flash loans – but they are manipulated into malicious actions.
Types of attacks hackers use to exploit Crypto Platforms
Reentrancy Attacks
In this types of attack, hackers exploit a vulnerability in a smart contract by repeatedly calling a function before the contract’s previous transaction is completed.
Flash Loan Attacks
This involve hackers taking out large amount of crypto loans and manipulate token prices within the same transaction to exploit DeFi protocols. A popular example of this attack is Cream Finance hack where attackers executed an exploit on Cream Finance by taking flashloan and manipulated token price. It resulted in drain of over $130 million from the platform’s liquidity pools. .
Oracle Manipulation
In Oracle manipulation, hackers exploit vulnerabilities in oracles (services that provide external data to smart contracts) to feed false data. This causes the system to behave in unintended ways and the attacker entity benefits with potential market price volatility.
Read: 5 Common Smart Contract Vulnerabilities & How to Prevent them
Lessons Learned: Protecting from Malicious Smart Contract
To safeguard against malicious smart contracts, it is must to adopt a multi-layered security approach for both users and crypto projects. For high-profile crypto projects, one of the effective defenses is conducting regular audits of code and smart contracts behind the application. These audits help catch vulnerabilities before they can be exploited by hackers. Additionally, limiting the interaction between smart contracts can minimize the risk of cross-contract vulnerabilities that often lead to large-scale attacks.
Education also plays a vital role which could explain what damage unknown or suspicious contracts could do to your wallets. By combining smart contract audits, strong access controls, and robust user education, the risk of malicious contract exploitation can be significantly reduced, creating a safer environment for decentralized finance.
Conclusion
The WazirX hack prompted the whole crypto ecosystem about security measures. It highlighted that malicious smart contracts pose a significant threat to the security of cryptocurrency exchanges. While these technologies offer immense potential for decentralized finance, their vulnerabilities can be exploited by skilled attackers. By learning from these incidents and implementing robust security practices, users and crypto project both can minimize the risks associated with smart contract exploits and safeguard their funds.
Also Read: “I alerted Nischal of WazirX Hack, He didn’t believe first”: Cyvers VP
